Number Of Cycles Research Articles

The effect of seed layer cycles on the structural, optical, and morphological properties of ZnO nanorods.

In this study, ZnO seed layers with different cycles were formed on glass substrates by the sol-gel technique, and ZnO nanorods were grown on them by the hydrothermal method. Morphology and the structural characterization of the seed films and the ZnO nanorods are carried out by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and x-ray diffraction techniques. In addition, to investigate the effect of seed layer deposition cycles on the optical properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays, UV/visible spectrophotometer and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed. The changes in structural and optical parameters such as dislocation density, strain, crystallite size, and optical band gap values on each seed layer deposition cycle were examined. The highest optical band gap and crystallite size were obtained for ZnO nanorods with 4 cycles seed layer as 3.22 eV and 63.6 nm, respectively. Also, in the PL spectrum, the largest ratio of UV-emission region to weak-visible emission region was obtained in ZnO nanorods having 4 cycles. In addition, the glucose detection properties of ZnO nanorods having 4 cycles were investigated using the PL measurements and it was found that UV-emission peak intensity of ZnO nanorods decreased as the glucose concentration increased from 8 to 40 mM. The results show that the number of deposition cycles of the seed layer has a strong influence on the orientation, crystal quality, and optical band gap of the growing ZnO nanorods, as well as significantly affecting their morphological properties. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: High quality ZnO nanorods were grown on glass substrates by hydrothermal method. The effect of ZnO seed layer cycles on the structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of ZnO nanorods grown on were examined. It was found that the number of cycles of the seed layer is a critical parameter for growing quality and well-aligned ZnO nanorods.

Efficiency of labyrinth vs ogee spillways at high hydraulic heads - case study in Zambia

A new over-the-dam spillway and 3m dam raising was selected as the preferred option for resolving matters in the interest of safety for an existing dam in Zambia. The cost of supplying concrete at the dam site has the greatest effect on overall project capital costs, and thus optimising the size of the concrete spillway is critical. Both ogee and labyrinth weir designs were developed for a hydraulic head of 5m in the safety check flood. The ogee shape design was developed to achieve high efficiency and required a weir width of 81m. For labyrinth weirs, a limiting factor to the allowable head is the ratio between the water head and weir height above its foundation apron. Using published state-of-the-art research, sixty labyrinth weir configurations were tested, with varying angles, leg lengths, and number of cycles. The optimal of these configurations was chosen as the one with the minimum overall spillway width and volume of concrete. This labyrinth configuration provided a spillway width of 64.45m, and a 22% potential reduction in concrete volume compared to the ogee. The labyrinth design was taken forward for CFD modelling to prove the concept and for further development into a detailed design.

Abstract PO3-16-09: Real-World Experience with Trastuzumab Deruxtecan at a Diverse NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center

Abstract Background: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd) is an antibody-drug conjugate originally approved for use in patients with HER2–positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In June 2022, data from the DESTINY-Breast04 trial revealed a near-doubling of progression-free survival (PFS) and significantly improved overall survival (OS) for patients with HER2-low MBC (immunohistochemistry [IHC] grade 1+ or IHC2+ in situ hybridization [ISH]-negative) treated with T-DXd versus standard-of-care chemotherapy. The data from this clinical trial led to the approval of T-DXd for use in patients with HER2-low MBC. However, the DESTINY-Breast studies completed to date have included < 5% black patients. This retrospective study of patients at a racially diverse NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center was designed to study whether T-DXd in a real-world population are comparable to published data. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted and identified 72 patients with HER2-low and HER2-positive MBC who received T-DXd between December 2019 and March 2023 at the Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University. Data collected for all patients included demographics, prior breast cancer history, T-DXd -specific and post-T-DXd treatment, and clinical outcomes where applicable. Results: Of the 103 patients who were dosed with T-DXd, 55 (53.4%) had HER2-positive disease, and 48 (46.7%) patients had HER2-low disease. 71 (68.9%) patients had hormone-receptor positive disease and 32 (31.1%) patients had hormone-receptor negative disease. The overall study population was 46% Caucasian; 38% African American; 13% Asian; 4% Unreported. The average number of cycles received was 11 (on treatment an average of 8 months). Pneumonitis occurred in 5 patients (4.9%). HER2-positive patients were typically on T-Dxd for a greater number of cycles than HER2-low patients (Table 1). Additionally, patients with brain metastases were, on average, treated with T-Dxd longer than patients without brain metastases, 14.5 versus 9 cycles. The number of cycles of T-Dxd received, the need for dose reduction, and incidence pneumonitis did not differ significantly between black and white patients. The data for this study is preliminary 48% of the patient population are still actively undergoing T-Dxd treatment. Conclusion: This study reviewed and analyzed T-Dxd treatment in a diverse population of both HER2-positive and HER2-low MBC patients, and in this study, outcomes of treatment did not differ by race. More attention to this topic is needed in future studies of larger populations, along with increased efforts to enroll diverse patient populations in clinical trials. Table 1. Citation Format: Jane Meisel, Maisey Ratcliffe. Real-World Experience with Trastuzumab Deruxtecan at a Diverse NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-16-09.

Abstract PO5-17-04: Tolerability of pertuzumab in older adults with HER2 positive breast cancer: A single institution experience

Abstract Background: Tumor HER2 over-expression occurs in 10 to 15% of older adults with breast cancer (BC). Combination HER2-directed therapy (pertuzumab and trastuzumab) with chemotherapy (CT) is the standard treatment for early and advanced HER2-positive bc. However, a study of more than 1,300 Medicare beneficiaries showed that about half of patients (pts) aged 65 or older with stage I to III HER2 positive bc did not receive trastuzumab-based therapy. This is likely due to concern for tolerability as older women remain underrepresented in clinical trials of breast cancer making it difficult to extrapolate tolerability of these agents in these patients. In the Neosphere and TRYPHAENA studies, the mean age of pts were 49.8 and 50.6 years, respectively. We examined the real-world tolerability of pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and systemic ct in women over the age of 65 with HER2 positive bc. Methods: An IRB approved retrospective review of medical records was conducted evaluating pts over the age of 65 with early or advanced HER2 positive bc treated at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer center from January 1, 2015 to May,1 2020. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, medians and ranges for continuous variables and frequencies and percents for categorical variables) were used to summarize disease and patient characteristics for pts enrolled in this study and treated with pertuzumab. The total number of planned and completed cycles of treatment as well as the number of treatment delays and dose reductions were also summarized using frequencies and percentages. The same descriptive statistics were used to summarize the number of grade II or IV toxicities and pathologic complete response (pCR) in the neoadjuvant setting. Results: A total of 71 pts met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 76 years (SD 4.1). Of these pts, 62 had stage I-III disease and 9 had metastatic disease. Additionally, 68% (48/71) had estrogen positive (ER) disease whereas 32% (23/71) had ER negative disease. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy was provided to 81% (50/62) of non-metastatic pts and 19% (12/62) received adjuvant therapy. The median number of completed neoadjuvant cycles (ct plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab) was 5.4 (SD 1.5). Among those who received pertuzumab with systemic ct in the neoadjuvant setting, 46% (23/50) of pts achieved a pCR (56% for ER negative disease and 41% for ER positive disease) The median number of completed adjuvant cycles (ct plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab) was 4.9 (SD 2.0). Pts with stage I to III disease completed a mean of 8.6 (SD 5.0) targeted therapy cycles (pertuzumab/trastuzumab). Pts with metastatic disease had a median of 5.7 (SD 1.0) cycles of ct plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab and received a mean of 34.4 (SD 36.0) cycles of maintenance pertuzumab. Treatment delay by 7 or more days occurred in 11% (8/71) of pts whereas 25% (18/71) of pts discontinued pertuzumab early. Pertuzumab termination occurred due to toxicity in 44% (8/18), metastasis in 11% (2/18), and other causes in 44% (8/18) of cases. For toxicities, 2% (1/51) of patients reported grade 3 pain, 25% (2/8) reported grade 3 fatigue, and 12% reported grade 4 diarrhea (1/8) (Table 1). Conclusions: Our study showed that pertuzumab was well tolerated in older pts with bc in the real-world setting. However, 25 % of pts still discontinued pertuzumab early which illustrates the importance of identifying pts who are at higher risk for toxicities prior to starting treatment. Table 1 Reported adverse events in patients age 65 and older receiving pertuzumab Citation Format: Nicole Williams, Austin Warmbier, Dureti Doto, Marilly Palettas, Julie Stephens, Dionisia Quiroga, Kai Johnson, Ashley Pariser, Mathew Cherian, Sagar Sardesai, Daniel Stover, Margaret Gatti-Mays, Robert Wesolowski, Bhuvana Ramaswamy. Tolerability of pertuzumab in older adults with HER2 positive breast cancer: A single institution experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-17-04.

Abstract PO3-17-08: SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF SUBCUTANEOUS TRASTUZUMAB AS A TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY HER 2 POSITIVE BREAST CANCER : EXPERIENCE OF A CANCER CENTER IN PERU

Abstract BACKGROUND: About 15% to 20% of breast cancers express positivity for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a more aggressive breast cancer subtype with shorter survival. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapeutic use in metastatic breast cancer in 1998 and HER2-positive early breast cancer in 2006. HER2 overexpression is associated with more aggressive tumor growth and worse prognosis compared to HER2-negative tumors. HER2-positive tumors occur more frequently in younger women and node-positive women and are often less responsive to cytotoxic therapies. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerability of the subcutaneous formulation of trastuzumab in real life at the national institute of neoplastic diseases LIMA-PERU in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive early breast cancer; efficacy was a secondary objective. METHOD: Female patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed between 2018-2019 with early epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer who received at least 1 dose of trastuzumab subcutaneously in a neo/adjuvant setting with or without chemotherapy were included. The treatment indication is 600 mg at a fixed dose every 3 weeks for 18 cycles. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients who received treatment with subcutaneous trastuzumab were included in the analysis. The mean age of the population was 52.6 ± 12.4 years, with the majority of patients being older than 50 years (54.29%). The mean number of subcutaneous trastuzumab cycles received was 11.4 ± 4.2. Adverse effects such as arthralgia (47.62%), diarrhea (9.52%), fatigue (9.52%) and injection site reaction (9.52%) occurred in 30% of patients. The mean number of cycles received until the first occurrence of adverse effects was 5.2 ± 2.1. It was observed that 97.14% completed treatment with trastuzumab subcutaneously, and 2.86% had to discontinue treatment. Cardiotoxicity and hypertension were the reasons why patients discontinued treatment. Of the patients included in the study, 63.77% received subcutaneous trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting, while the remaining 36.23% received it in the adjuvant setting. Of the patients, 45.71% started treatment with trastuzumab intravenously and received an average of 6 ± 3 cycles before switching to the subcutaneous presentation. After 3 years of follow-up, 7.14% developed disease progression; 57.1% had progression at the cerebral level, 28.6% at the local level and 14.3% at the pulmonary/hepatic level. 98.57% of patients are alive. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-life setting, subcutaneous trastuzumab is a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for patients even in patients who started treatment with the intravenous presentation and made the switch during treatment. Table 1: General clinical characteristics of patients XX XX Citation Format: Iris Otoya, Natalia Valdivieso, Zaida Morante, Carlos Castañeda, Silvia Neciosup, Mónica Calderón, Henry Gómez. SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF SUBCUTANEOUS TRASTUZUMAB AS A TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY HER 2 POSITIVE BREAST CANCER : EXPERIENCE OF A CANCER CENTER IN PERU [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-17-08.

Study on the Effect of Post-Freezing Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fibre Concrete Based on BAS-BPNN

An indoor accelerated freezing and thawing test of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete in chloride and sulphate environments was conducted using the “fast-freezing method” with the objective of investigating the damage law of the post-freezing mechanical properties of hydraulic concrete structures and studying the effects of different mixing amounts of polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete. Furthermore, in order to reduce the cost of concrete tests and shorten the time required for conducting concrete tests, a backpropagation neural network based on a Beetle Antenna Search algorithm (BAS-BPNN) was established to simulate and predict the mechanical properties of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete. The accuracy of the model was verified. The results indicate that the order of improvement in the macro-physical properties of concrete due to fibre doping is as follows: PPF1.2 exhibited the greatest improvement in macro-physical properties of concrete, followed by PPF0.9, PPF1.5, PPF0.6, and PC. When the freezing and thawing medium and the number of cycles are identical, all four assessment indexes (R2, RMSE, SI, MAPE) demonstrate that the four groups of polypropylene fibre concrete exhibit superior performance to the control group of ordinary concrete. This indicates that polypropylene fibre can enhance the mechanical properties and freezing resistance of the concrete matrix, delay the process of freezing and thawing damage to the matrix, and extend the lifespan of the matrix, yet cannot prevent the ultimate failure of the matrix. The application of intelligent algorithms to optimise the parameters of an artificial neural network model can enhance its capacity to generalise and predict the mechanical properties of concrete. In terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), the Beetle Antenna Search algorithm (0.9782) outperforms the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO; 0.9676), the Genetic Algorithm (GA; 0.9645), and the backpropagation neural network (BPNN; 0.9460). The improved backpropagation neural network based on the Beetle Antenna Search algorithm not only avoids the trap of local optimality but also improves the model accuracy while further accelerating the convergence speed. This approach can address the complexity, non-linearity, and modelling difficulties encountered during the freezing process of concrete. Moreover, it offers relatively accurate prediction outcomes at a reduced cost in comparison to traditional experimental methodologies.

Abstract PO4-20-05: An open label phase III randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of Post-chemotherapy Axillary Conservation Surgery in breast cancer (PACS)

Abstract Background- Axillary lymph nodes (ALN) status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Traditionally, a complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been standard of care for those patients who have a positive node pre-chemotherapy. However, lately axillary conservation is paving its way in the post-chemotherapy setting as well to avoid significant morbidity of ALND. Most sentinel node biopsy studies have failed to achieve the desired false negative rate(FNR). (Boughey JC et al, JAMA. 2013 Oct; Kuehn T et al, Lancet Oncol. 2013; Boileau JF et al, J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jan).We previously reported a low FNR of low axillary sampling (LAS) in the post-chemotherapy setting. (Parmar et al, JCO-GO, 2021) We are conducting a phase III, randomised controlled trial of LAS versus complete ALND in post-chemotherapy negative (ypN0) axilla. Aims and objectives- The primary objective is to assess the non-inferiority of LAS in patients who are rendered ypN0 by pre-operative chemotherapy with disease-free survival as primary end point. The secondary objectives are comparing the morbidity of ALND (lymphedema, paraesthesia, and shoulder dysfunction) in the LAS and ALND arms, and to evaluate the impact on overall survival, local, regional, and distant recurrence free survival and quality of life. Trial design- This is a prospective, open label, randomised, phase III trial where histologically proven, non-metastatic, cT1-4,N0-2 breast cancer patients who are rendered ycN0 after pre-operative systemic chemotherapy are being accrued. Patients with prechemo N3 disease, inflammatory breast cancer, recurrent disease, pregnancy associated breast cancer are being excluded from the study. The chemotherapy regimens and surgical assessment is as per standard institutional protocols. After obtaining informed consent, patients undergo LAS during surgery and lymph nodes(LN) are sent for frozen section analysis. If any LN is found to be involved, a complete ALND is carried out. If the staging procedure is negative, then patients are randomised into 2 groups- observation v/s complete ALND. Stratification factors are T stage, N stage, Hormone receptor status, Her2 receptor status and number of chemotherapy cycles taken. Morbidity assessment is done with- Constans shoulder score, arm volumetry, paraesthesia assessment, and a QOL questionnaire- Self-reported Breast cancer Lymphedema Symptom Experience Index (BCLSEI). A baseline assessment pre-surgery is followed by 6 monthly morbidity assessments and regular oncologically relevant follow-up up to 5 years. A two-sided log-rank test with an overall sample size of 2316 with a 10% dropout rate (1158 in ALND and 1158 in LAS group) achieves 80% power at a 0.05 significance level to detect a hazard ratio of 1.16 (upper limit of non-inferiority) when the proportion surviving in the control group is 0.71. An interim analysis will be carried out at 25% events and conditional power will be calculated. If the conditional power is below 20%, then the study will be discontinued for futility. The study has been approved by Institutional Ethics Committee (CTRI/2022/07/044461) Expected Study and Results- We started accrual in February 2023 and have screened 63 and randomized 45 patients until now. Ours is a first large randomised prospective study in the post-chemotherapy axillary management setting which will help us understand the efficacy of axillary conservation surgery in patients who are node negative post neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In future, lesser morbid procedures than LAS like targeted axillary dissection can be tested in the same trial. However, LAS as a technique of axillary conservation suits resource constraints and high volume setting such as ours. Citation Format: Shalaka Joshi, Jessicka Shah, Pallavi Daphale, Rohini Hawaldar, Anuradha Daptardar, Ayushi Sahay, Tanuja Shet, Palak Popat, Tabassum Wadasadawala, Nita Nair, Vani Parmar, Bipin Bandre, Shabina Siddique, Vaibhav Vanmali, Sudeep Gupta, Rajendra Badwe. An open label phase III randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of Post-chemotherapy Axillary Conservation Surgery in breast cancer (PACS) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-20-05.

Snow depth has greater influence on moss biocrusts' soil multifunctionality than the number of freeze-thaw cycles

Continued global warming and changes in precipitation patterns, especially regarding snow depth and freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), have significantly affected the hydrothermal environment in winter at mid- and high-latitudes. In this study, we assessed the effects of changes in snow depth and FTCs, on the biogeochemical cycling of biological soil crusts. We collected moss crust soil samples from a temperate desert in northwest China, and measured the changes in the amount of snow (65 % snow removal, ambient snow, and 65 % snow increase) and FTCs (FT0, FT5, and FT15) under an artificial environment simulation, to determine the nutrient content and enzyme activities related to soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. In terms of how snowfall and FTCs affect soil multifunctionality (SMF) of desert moss crusts, the research findings demonstrated that snow depth, FTCs, and their interplay have a significant influence on the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus contents, enzyme activities, and SMF of moss crusts. Compared to snow removal, an increase in snow depth corresponded to a significant increase in the soil water content, and an improvement in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and SMF. The number of FTCs increased, which led to enhancements in soil phosphorus cycling, soil total phosphorus, and available phosphorus content, together with a reduction in inorganic nitrogen content and the activities of certain enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling. The structural equation model indicated that snow depth had the greatest effect (total effect of 0.165) on SMF in moss crusts compared to FTCs (total effect of 0.048). Therefore, it is necessary to consider snow depth when examining the effects of climate change on nutrient cycling in the biological soil crusts of temperate deserts.

Bond performance of recycled coarse aggregate concrete with rebar under freeze–thaw environment: A review

Abstract In this article, a review focusing on the frost resistance of recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RAC) and the bond performance of RAC with rebar under freeze–thaw environment is carried out. The results show that there are still some controversies about the advantages and disadvantages of the frost resistance of RAC, and many influencing factors have not been considered. The mass of the RAC pullout specimens shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing after freeze‒thaw cycles. The failure modes of the RAC pullout specimens after freeze‒thaw cycles include pullout failure, pullout-splitting failure, splitting failure, and rebar yielding failure. The bond performance of RAC with rebar shows a degradation trend after freeze‒thaw cycles, mainly in the decrease in bond strength and the increase in bond slip. The bond performance of RAC specimens is inferior to that of natural aggregate concrete specimens after freeze‒thaw cycles. The bond strength prediction models and the bond–slip constitutive relation prediction models of RAC with rebar after freeze‒thaw cycles have been summarized to ensure that engineers can better understand their applicability. The bond stress distribution between the RAC and rebar in the anchoring area is not uniform and constantly changes with the number of freeze‒thaw cycles. The degradation mechanism of the bond performance of RAC with rebar after freeze‒thaw cycles is analyzed.

Abstract PO3-03-08: Use of adjuvant Capecitabine after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A Cohort Study among Elderly Patients with Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: The use of capecitabine in the adjuvant setting in patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been incorporated into practice based on the results of the CREATE-X trial. We evaluate utilization patterns of adjuvant capecitabine use, its association with outcomes, and subsequent hospitalizations and emergency room (ER) visits among elderly patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: We identified patients aged ≥66, diagnosed with early-stage TNBC between 2010 and 2017 in the SEER and Texas Cancer Registry (TCR)-linked Medicare databases. All patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for localized or regional-stage disease. All patients had continuous enrollment in Medicare Parts A & B without a Health Maintenance Organization enrollment 12 months before cancer diagnosis and 12 months after cancer diagnosis. Chemotherapy administration was identified using HCPCS codes from outpatient and physician’s carrier claims. We analyzed the patterns of capecitabine use, its association with survival outcomes, and the frequency of ER visits and hospitalizations during treatment (between the first capecitabine claim and 30 days after the last claim for capecitabine). Descriptive statistics were used. Primary analyses included logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox regression models with propensity score adjustments. This study adhered to the STROBE guidelines for cohort studies. Results: 1,239 patients with localized or regional TNBC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included (median 72 years). Of them, 96 (7.7%) were prescribed adjuvant capecitabine. Treatment with capecitabine was associated with recent year of diagnosis, regional disease, and residing in non-metropolitan areas. Specifically, the use of capecitabine increased from 1% in 2010 to 10% in 2016 and 21% in 2017. The median duration of capecitabine treatment was 4 cycles. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, older age was associated with decreased odds of receiving ≥4 cycles of capecitabine (OR=0.25; 95% CI: 0.11–0.60; p =0.002). Among capecitabine users, 3-year OS was 46% and 78% for patients who received 1-3 and ≥4cycles of capecitabine, respectively (p< 0.001). The 3-year estimate of BCSS was 43% and 85% respectively (p< 0.001). After multivariable adjustment for comorbidity score, stage, and propensity score, receiving ≥4 cycles of capecitabine was associated with decreased risk of death (HR=0.29; 95%CI 0.13–0.63, p=0.002) and breast cancer-specific death (HR=0.15; 95%CI: 0.05–0.51, p=0.002) compared to receiving 1-3 cycles. Twenty-seven (28%) patients had ER/hospitalization during capecitabine treatment; median time from initial capecitabine claim to ER/hospitalization was 24 days (IQ 13-39). The median number of capecitabine cycles was 3 (IQR 2-5) and 5 (IQR 3-8) for those with and without ER/hospitalization (p=0.02). The most common diagnosis codes associated with ER/hospitalization included pleural effusion, GI symptoms, pneumonia, and acute kidney failure. A higher comorbidity score at diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of ER/hospitalization (HR=2.76; 95%CI 1.05-7.28, p=0.04). Conclusion: We demonstrate an increasing trend in capecitabine utilization among elderly patients with early-stage TNBC. Although the limited sample size hindered a conclusive analysis, more cycles of capecitabine were associated with improved survival outcomes. Notably, a significant proportion of patients undergoing capecitabine treatment experienced ER/hospitalizations. These findings contribute valuable information on the risks and benefits of capecitabine treatment, aiding evidence-based decision-making to prevent serious complications. Citation Format: Marija Sullivan, Xiudong Lei, Catalina Malinowski, Sharon Giordano, Marianna Chavez. Use of adjuvant Capecitabine after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A Cohort Study among Elderly Patients with Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-03-08.

Synthesis and characterization of CuxCd1‐xS nanocrystals into functionalized nitrile butadiene rubber matrix

AbstractIntroductionPolymetallic sulfides and heterostructures like CdIn2S4, CdZnS2, CuxS‐NiySz, Cu2CoSnS4, CoNi2S4, Zn0.76Co0.24S have been fabricated with various shapes and forms for new applications. Ternary copper cadmium sulfides (CuCdS2) are a p‐type semiconductor with a direct band gap of about 2.4 eV forms very good nanocrystals like copper sulfide could be potentially applied to optical and electronic applications. Knowing that the SILAR synthesis, optical, paramagnetic, dielectric properties, and annealing of copper cadmium sulfides have not been sufficiently investigated, they are extensively analyzed and studied in the present work.ObjectivesCuxCd1−xS (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) nanoparticles have been synthesized on the base of functionalized nitrile butadiene rubber by SILAR method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffractometer, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Effects of cycles, reaction time, and precursor concentration on the particle size, crystal growth and structure, bandgap energy, dielectric and paramagnetic properties, elemental composition, and morphology were investigated.MethodsThe synthesis of CuxCd1−xS nanocrystals was carried out into the obtained functional polymer matrix by SİLAR method. The functional polymer (FNBR) is a dark brown powder which contains ‐PO(OH)2 and ‐OPO(OH)2 functional groups and does not dissolve in organic and inorganic solvents, can be used as a very good stabilizer of nanostructures. The synthesis of CuxCd1−xS/FNBR nanocompsite was carried out in 3, 5, and 15 cycles.Results and discussionIn the process of ternary sulfide formation, the nucleation rate of CdS was high at the beginning of the reaction, while the growth rate and stability of CuS were high in the later course of the reaction. The average crystallite size of the nancrystallites has been increased from 1.13 nm to 7.39 nm by the increasing of the number of cycles from 5 to 15, respectively. It is explained by the inclusion of copper in the composition and getting more stable material. Copper cadmium sulfide nanostructures demonstrate wide band gap energy (~3.7 eV) in this work which is explained by the formation of nanosized particles in a limited volume of FNBR matrix.ConclusionsThe synthesis of CuxCd1‐xS nanocrystals was carried out into the obtained functional polymer matrix by SİLAR method. Strong diffraction peaks corresponding to cubic CdS are found with low SILAR cycles. SEM images of CuxCd1−xS/FNBR nanocomposite show that the atomic percentage of Cu and Cd into the ternary sulfide is 20.19% and 0.61%, respectively. It is explained by the inclusion of copper in the composition and getting more stable material with low solubility products (Ksp) which is in good agreement with XRD results. The calculated band gaps are higher than that of bulk CdS, CuS, and CuCdS2. Larger band gap is usually reported for defects or structural disorders, which is in good agreement with XRD and Raman results.

Abstract PO1-18-07: Phase I trial of combination pembrolizumab and ruxolitinib in metastatic triple negative breast cancer

Abstract BACKGROUND: The amplification of genes PDL-1, PDL-2, and JAK2 on chromosome 9p24, known as the PDJ amplicon, has been identified in 15% of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and is associated with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and elevated JAK2 mRNA, suggesting a coordinated inflammatory response in TNBC. Adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy in KEYNOTE trials 355 and 522 has validated the use of PD-1 blockade in TNBC and redefined the standard of care. Despite preclinical data suggesting a role for targeting the IL- 6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway, the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib has not shown efficacy as a single Agent in breast cancer. This is the first phase I clinical trial evaluating the combination of pembrolizumab and ruxolitinib in the treatment of metastatic TNBC. METHODS: We conducted a phase I clinical trial with accrual from 2018 to 2023 at Mayo Clinic Arizona. Patients (n=12) received 200 mg of IV pembrolizumab per cycle (every 3 weeks) with 3+3 dose escalation of oral ruxolitinib twice a day (dose level 0: 10 mg PO BID, level 1: 15 mg PO BID, level 2: 20 mg PO BID). The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ruxolitinib and secondary endpoints were treatment safety and efficacy. Clinical response was assessed by computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis every 3 cycles. PD-L1 expression in tumor was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effect of the combined therapies on T and B cell populations were assessed by flow cytometry and antibody profiling of 695 tumor antigens and 8 viral antigens by nucleic acid protein programmable array. RESULTS: Twelve female patients with chemotherapy refractory metastatic TNBC were treated on study. All received 200 mg IV pembrolizumab every cycle. Due to rapid disease progression of three patients early after treatment initiation, eligibility was restricted to prohibit patients with extensive pulmonary disease or elevated LDH. Those patients were excluded from efficacy or correlative analysis. The most common toxicities were transaminitis (n=12), anemia/leukopenia (n=12), and fatigue (n=9). The majority of adverse events were grade 1 and occurred at dose level 2. There were 5 adverse events grade 3 or higher: respiratory or thoracic complications (n=3), hypertension (n=1), and abdominal pain (n=1), but MTD was not established. The median number of cycles was 4 for each dose level (range n=2.0-9.0) and the median time to progression was 3 months (range n=1.4-6.3). No patient had tumor response by RECIST v1.1 criteria and there was no association of disease stability with PD-L1 tumor expression by IHC. Circulating antibodies to tumor antigens remained stable, and viral-specific antibodies mildly decreased by month 2 in all patients at dose levels 0 and 1. Of the 7 patients reactive to TRIM21 autoantibodies, 2 patients had a transient increase at 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pembrolizumab with ruxolitinib was well tolerated at all dose levels, and the number but not the severity of adverse events increased with higher ruxolitinib dose. Two of six patients in dose level 0 and 1 had stable disease for six months on treatment, suggesting that the lower dose levels of ruxolitinib (i.e. 10 mg PO BID) may have more activity in combination with pembrolizumab. Citation Format: Anelia Kassi, Jacqueline Carmona, Sarah M. Green, Heidi Kosiorek, Michael T. Barrett, Barbara A. Pockaj, Donald Northfelt, Karen S. Anderson. Phase I trial of combination pembrolizumab and ruxolitinib in metastatic triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO1-18-07.

Abstract PO5-02-14: Clinical-pathological determinant factors to choose between four or six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC) in a retrospective real-world cohort of HER2-negative breast cancer patients

Abstract Introduction: The long-term severe adverse events associated with anthracyclines, including irreversible cardiotoxicity, myelodysplastic syndromes, and therapy-related leukemias, led researchers to question the risk-benefit of anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens, especially for patients without axillary lymph node involvement, leading to an increasing trend to omit anthracyclines in adjuvant treatment. Docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide (TC) has replaced doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) for lower-risk patients that need adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the optimal number of cycles of adjuvant in patients with node-positive or node-negative breast cancer is currently unknown. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with HER2-negative breast cancer, stage I to III, that received adjuvant docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC) for four or six cycles, treated from January 2010 to December 2021. Patients were included from four cancer institutions, both private and public, located in the South, Southeast, and Northeast of Brazil. Objectives: To investigate the clinical-pathological characteristics and survival of earlystage HER2-negative breast cancer patients who received four (TC4) or six cycles (TC6) of adjuvant docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC). Results: We collected data from six hundred and ninety-eight patients, 98.7% were female with an average age of 52 years, 51.9% were postmenopausal, 14.6% BRCA gene mutation, 66% had some comorbidity, and only 8.4% were not candidates for anthracyclines. Two hundred and twenty-five patients had public and 473 private health insurance. About 13.2% of the patients were hormone receptor negative (HR-) and 86.8% hormone receptor positive (HR+), 57.4% breast-conserving surgery and 77.7% sentinel lymph node (SL). Five hundred sixty-four (80.8%) patients received TC4 and 134 (19.2%) TC6. We observed that patients who received TC 6 had unfavorable prognostic factors such as: (TC4 vs TC6) previous breast cancer (8.7% vs 16.3%) (p=0.002), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (73.4 vs 86.7%) (p=0.009), histological grade 3 (HG3) (34.9 vs 42.9%) (p= 0,085) conservative surgery (59.4% vs 53%) (p=0144), SL (80.9% vs 62.2%) (p =0.001), Lymph node positive (15% vs 42.3%) (p=0.001), pathological stage II (37.5% vs 50%) (p=0.001).Treatment completion rates were 96.5% and 84.3% for TC4 and TC6, respectively (p=0,02). The incidence of grade 3 or higher toxicity with TC6 (14% vs 21.1%; p= 0,043). Febrile neutropenia was observed in 6.7% of both groups. Grade 3 or higher neuropathy was most common with TC6 (2.2% vs 10.3%; p=0,163). Permanent treatment discontinuation was more frequent in the TC6 group (3.4% vs. 9.8%; p=0,004), as well as late toxicity (3.4% vs. 9.2%; p=0,004). Ninety-four percent of the patients completed the proposed cycles of chemotherapy, 72% received adjuvant radiotherapy and 85.4% received adjuvant hormone therapy, with 42% of these receiving an aromatase inhibitor for 5 years. The median follow-up of the entire cohort was 61 months. There was no difference in the 5-year DFS (77.5% vs. 64.7%; p=0.159) or the 5-year OS (89.5% vs. 70.5%; p= 0,06) between patients treated with TC4 and TC6. Conclusion: TC6 was commonly used for patients with unfavorable prognostic factors as history of previous breast cancer, (IDC), HG III, lymph node positive and stage II. Patients who received TC6 had less chance of completing the treatment and more severe toxicity, especially late peripheral neuropathy. There was no difference in DFS or OS. Citation Format: Mila Kraychete, Marcelle Cesca, Guilherme Almeida, Leonardo Santana, Luciana Leite, Solange M. Sanches, Vladmir Cordeiro de Lima, Rafaela Pirolli, Rafael Manea, Felipe Kaneta, Jean Coutinho, Lucas Vian, Waires Zeviani, Marcio Reis, Luciana Landeiro, Clarissa Mathias, Geila Nunez, Tamara Santana, Monique Tavares. Clinical-pathological determinant factors to choose between four or six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC) in a retrospective real-world cohort of HER2-negative breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-02-14.

Abstract PO1-06-14: Preliminary results of a phase I dose escalation study of eribulin in combination with copanlisib in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Abstract Background: Aberrant PI3K pathway signaling is frequently observed in TNBC. Increasing evidence indicate that PI3K pathway activation maintains the stemness and chemoresistance of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). PI3K inhibition sensitizes CSCs to chemotherapy. Eribulin (E), a non-taxane microtubule dynamics inhibitor, showed overall survival benefit in metastatic HER2 negative BC. Preclinically, the addition of copanlisib (C), a potent pan-class I PI3K inhibitor that is highly selective against α and δ PI3K isoforms, improved anti-tumor effect in both E-sensitive and resistant TNBC patient-derived xenograft models, irrespective of PIK3CA/PTEN alteration status. Here we report the preliminary data of the phase I dose escalation trial of E+C in patients with metastatic TNBC. Methods: This trial includes a phase I study to determine the dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of E+C, followed by a randomized phase II study of E+C (at RP2D) versus E (stratified by tumor PIK3CA/PTEN mutation status) with progression-free survival (PFS) as the primary endpoint. Key eligibility included patients with: metastatic TNBC who progressed on ≤5 lines of chemotherapy, prior anthracycline/taxane chemotherapy (unless contraindicated), ECOG 0-1, adequate organ function and known tumor PIK3CA/PTEN/AKT mutation status. Key exclusions include: prior receipt of E or any PI3K/mTOR/AKT inhibitor, grade ≥2 neuropathy, presence of tumor AKT mutation, and uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension or congenital QT prolongation. A 3+3 design was used to determine the DLT and RP2D. Dose level 1 (DL1) started with E at 1.1 mg/m2 mg IV and C at 45 mg IV on days (D) 1/8 of 21-D cycle, with the potential to escalate to 2 additional dose levels – DL2: E 1.4 mg/m2 and C 45 mg on D 1/8; DL3: E 1.4 mg/m2 and C 60 mg on D 1/8. Results: Eight patients were enrolled in the phase I study and received at least 1 dose of E+C. The median age was 48.5 (range, 26-67) years. The majority of patients identified as White (additionally 2 Hispanic, 1 Black) and had an ECOG performance status of 1 (n=6, 75.0%). Tumor PIK3CA and PTEN alterations were each observed in 1 patient. Median number of cycles received were 2 (range, 1-5). All 8 patients had at least 1 treatment-related adverse event (TRAE). The most common TRAEs across all dose levels were: lymphopenia (n=5, 62.5%), neutropenia (n=5, 62.5%), hyperglycemia (n=4, 50.0%), anemia (n=4, 50.0%) and fatigue (n=4, 50.0%); most toxicities were grade (G) 1-2. G3 hyperglycemia and hypertension were observed in 1 patient each, were medically managed and did not lead to treatment interruption. 1 patient was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, possibly attributed to study therapy and breast cancer. DLTs were reported in 2 of 2 patients treated at DL2 - 1 patient developed G3 rash responsive to oral corticosteroids, and 1 patient developed G3 acute kidney injury in the setting of hypovolemia and discontinued study therapy. No additional patients were enrolled in DL2. No DLTs were observed in all 6 patients treated at DL1. 1 patient treated at DL1 had possible G1 non-infectious pneumonitis that resolved spontaneously on short interval imaging. Stable disease was observed in 2 of 6 response-evaluable patients (33.3%). 1 patient achieved regression of cutaneous disease following 1 cycle of therapy as assessed by the treating investigator. DL1, E at 1.1 mg/m2 plus C at 45 mg IV, was determined to be the RP2D. Tumor tissue biomarker analysis is underway. Conclusion: These data indicate that E+C at DL1 is a well-tolerated regimen warranting further investigation. The study is actively enrolling patients to the phase II study. Clinical trial information: NCT04345913. Funding Source: National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: Nusayba Bagegni, Brittney Haas, Leslie Nehring, Jingqin Luo, Laura Kennedy, Meghna Trivedi, Manali Bhave, Rabih Said, Cynthia Ma. Preliminary results of a phase I dose escalation study of eribulin in combination with copanlisib in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO1-06-14.

Novel Temperature Calibration Method of E-Mode and D-Mode GaN Power Modules Considering Dynamic ON-Resistance

This paper presents a method for measuring temperature using the temperature sensitive parameter (TSP) of a GaN power module. Current collapse occurs in GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). This results in dynamic on-resistance because of trapped electrons. Thus, dynamic conditions should be considered to accurately measure thermal characteristics. GaN HEMTs are operated in the enhanced mode (E-mode) and depletion mode (D-mode). In this study, E-mode and D-mode GaN power modules are designed to compare their thermal characteristics. Among three common temperature-measurement methods, this work employs the TSP-based approach in consideration of the device operation, instead of those using thermo-sensitive optical or material properties. The calibration is conducted in steady-state and dynamic-state. The ambient temperature is estimated using steady-state calibration data. Power cycling is examined for considering dynamic conditions. It is confirmed that dynamic on-resistance changes according to the cycle period, on time, and number of cycles. Experiments are conducted using different values of these parameters. Finally, an equation for temperature is obtained from the experimental results. The equation precisely estimates temperature with an error of 0.7%.

Experimental study on durability of steel-basalt fiber reinforced concrete under multiple factors coupling

A series of durability tests were conducted using varying composite salt solutions (5% Na2SO4 + 3.5% NaCl, 10% Na2SO4 + 3.5% NaCl, and 3.5% NaCl) and stress levels (F-0.3, F-0.6) to investigate the durability of concrete reinforced with steel and basalt fibers. Specimens were extracted after 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 wet-dry cycles to explore the changes in the appearance, mass loss, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength with the number of wet-dry cycles and different coupling effects. Mathematical models correlating mass and compressive strength with wet-dry cycles and stress levels were separately established. The concrete microstructure under coupling effects was observed using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The results indicated that the inhibitory effect on the increase in concrete mass was higher in the F-0.6 group than in the F-0.3 group, showing that concrete under F-0.3 exhibited faster mass growth. As the axial compressive stress ratio increased, steel-basalt fiber reinforced concrete's relative dynamic modulus of elasticity changed less. Concrete degradation was more pronounced in the 10% Na2SO4 + 3.5% NaCl solution and F-0.6 loading environment. The calculated results from the established models agreed with the experimental results, demonstrating a certain degree of feasibility.

Evolution of microstructure and texture and their influence on the strength of an accumulative roll bonded (ARBed) Al-Sc-Zr-Er-Ti alloy

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is an effective approach to improve the strength of metal sheets. This work studied the evolution of microstructure and texture and their influence on the strength of an ARBed Al-Sc-Zr-Er-Ti alloy, produced by multi-microalloying Sc, Zr, Er, and Ti into pure Al. A high-quality interface and a fine microstructure with an average grain size of ∼0.6 μm were achieved as by the ARB process. The Dillamore {4411} <11118> and the Copper {112} <111> components were sharpened in final texture as is common in ARB. However, after the 5th cycle, there was a new texture component along the α-fiber, at (φ1, Φ, φ2) ≡ (60°, 45°, 0°) in Euler space. The yield strength (YS) and tensile strength (UTS) increased with increasing the number of ARB cycles. The 7th ARBed Al-Sc-Zr-Er-Ti alloy had increased YS by 45% and UTS by 57%, respectively, compared to the initial cold rolled sheet. Strengthening was mainly attributed to dislocation strengthening, grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. There was little texture strengthening because of a strengthening and softening alternation with the change of ARB cycle.

Advanced Integration of Microwave Kiln Technology in Enhancing the Lost-Wax Glass Casting Process: A Study on Methodological Innovations and Practical Implications

Lost-wax glass casting, an esteemed yet technically demanding art form, traditionally relies on specialized, costly kiln equipment, presenting significant barriers to artists regarding equipment affordability, energy efficiency, and the technical mastery required for temperature control. Therefore, this study introduces an innovative approach by integrating a microwave kiln with standard household microwave ovens, thus facilitating the lost-wax glass casting process. This methodological adaptation allows artists to employ readily available home appliances for glass creation, significantly reducing the process’s cost and complexity. Our experimental investigations reveal that, by using a 500W household microwave oven for heating, the silicon carbide (SiC) in microwave kilns can efficiently absorb microwave energy, allowing the kilns to reach temperatures exceeding 700 °C, a critical threshold for casting glass softening. We further demonstrate that by adjusting the number of heating cycles, producing high-quality, three-dimensional(3D) glass artworks is feasible, even for large-scale projects. In addition, the microwave kiln can be used as an effective cooling tool to uniformly cool the formed casting glass. This study presents a possible alternative to conventional kiln technology and marks a paradigm shift in glassmaking, offering a more accessible and sustainable avenue for artists and practitioners.

Effect of glucocorticoids for the management of immune-related adverse events on outcome in melanoma patients treated with immunotherapy – a retrospective and biomarker study

Immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) during therapy with immune checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs) are common, and its management sometimes requires glucocorticoids (GC). Predictors for development of IRAEs and data about the impact of GC on clinical outcome are missing. We evaluated the impact of GC to treat IRAEs on clinical outcome, and plasmatic inflammatory proteins as predictors for IRAEs.Patients with melanoma (n=98) treated with ICIs at Karolinska University Hospital were included. Clinical information and data regarding prescription of systemic GC were collected. Baseline plasma samples (n=57) were analyzed for expression of 92 inflammatory proteins.Forty-four patients developed at least one IRAE requiring systemic GC and the most common was hypocortisolemia (n=11). A median overall survival (mOS) of 72.8 months for patients developing IRAEs requiring GC, 17.7 months for those who did not, and 1.4 months for individuals receiving GC at baseline was observed in Kaplan-Meier curves (p = 0.001). In immortal time bias adjusted analysis patients receiving steroids to treat IRAE survived slightly longer, even though this time trend was not statistically significant. The mOS was 29 months for those treated with GC within 60 days after ICIs start and was not reached for patients receiving GC later. The number of ICIs cycles was higher in subjects receiving GC after 60 days (p=0.0053). Hypocortisolemia occurred mainly in males (10/11) and correlated with favorable outcome. Male patients with hypocortisolemia had lower expression of IL8, TGF-alfa and FGF5 and higher expression of DNER.GC may be used to treat IRAEs without major concern. However, GC early during ICIs may impact clinical outcome negatively. The prognostic value of hypocortisolemia and inflammation proteins as biomarkers should be further investigated.

The Second Omega Index

Background: The omega index has been recently introduced to identify a variety of topological and combinatorial aspects of a graph with a new viewpoint. As a continuing study of the omega index, by considering the incidence of edges and vertices to the adjacency of the vertices, in this paper, we have introduced the second omega index Ω2 and then computed it over some well-known graph classes. Methods: Many combinatorial counting methods have been utilized in the proofs. The edge partition is frequently used throughout the work. Naturally, some graph theoretical lemmas are also used. Results: In particular, trees having the smallest and largest Ω2 have been constructed. Finally, the second omega index of some derived graphs, such as line graphs, subdivision graphs, and vertex-semitotal graphs, has been presented. Conclusion: Omega invariant has already been explored in many papers. It has been defined in terms of vertex degrees. Vertices correspond to the atoms in a molecule and a calculation, which only depends on the atomic parameters, is not even comparable with a calculation containing both atoms and chemical bonds between them. With this idea in mind, we have evaluated some mathematical properties of the second omega index, which has great potential in chemical applications related to the number of cycles in the molecular graph.